When a non-transient LLM error occurs with image content, the retry
mechanism strips images from a copy but never updates the original
conversation history. Subsequent iterations rebuild context from the
unmodified history, causing the same error-retry cycle to repeat
every iteration until max_iterations is reached.
Add _strip_image_content_inplace() that mutates the original message
content lists in-place after a successful no-image retry, so callers
sharing those references (e.g. the runner's conversation history)
also see the stripped version.
yanghan-cyberandXubin Ren
b261201985